Laryngeal disorders

Epiglottic entrapment

The epiglottis moves up during swallowing to protect the airway. The extra tissue below the epiglottis that permits this movement can also “entrap” the epiglottis in a pillowcase type sheath.  This can happen due to congenital abnormalities in the epiglottis and/or membrane and with throat inflammation. The entrapping tissue catches air on exhalation. The trapped air billows the tissue, creating turbulence and noise. The entrapment also prevents normal movement of the epiglottis. Horses often present with exercise intolerance and cough. Diagnosis is made on endoscopy and/or radiographs. With the preferred treatment, a laser is used to split the membrane, releasing the epiglottis from the membrane.

In the image note that you can’t see the scalloped edges or vessels of the epiglottis. It looks like it has a pillowcase over it. Compare this to DDSP in which there is no epiglottic outline visible.

Laryngeal hemiplegia

Both arytenoids should adduct during exercise to open the airway for maximal airflow. In the image to the right, the left arytenoid isn’t moving properly. With laryngeal hemiplegia, generally the left arytenoid doesn’t work at all or doesn’t work well. The laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve is the longest nerve in the body and appears to degenerate fairly often. This degeneration leads to neurogenic atrophy of the CAD (cricoarytenoideus dorsalis) muscle. The CAD muscle is responsible for adduction of the arytenoid during exertion. When the arytenoid doesn’t adduct properly, it vibrates during exercise and impairs airflow, leading to poor performance. Diagnosis is via exercise endoscopy. Surgery involves replacing the CAD muscle with a suture to adduct the muscle, removing the arytenoid or transposing a nerve to reinnervate the muscle. Performance will usually improve after surgery but horses are more prone to upper airway inflammation, swallowing disorders and recurrent airway compromise. The condition usually develops in young horses and seems to be familial.

Clinical signs of unilateral disease: exercise intolerance and noise with exercise

Arytenoid chondritis

Inflammation of the arytenoid leads to malformation and dysfunction of the arytenoid. Medical treatment is sometimes effective but often the arytenoid must be removed to open the airway. When the arytenoid is removed, horses are at risk of food aspiration and persistent coughing. In the image on the left, note the enlarged right arytenoid with a protuberance extending across the airway. Look for arytenoid chondritis if you see signs of right side arytenoid dysfunction.

In calves, arytenoid chondritis can develop with oral necrobacillosis due to Fusobacterium necrophorum.

Clinical signs of unilateral disease: exercise intolerance and noise with exercise

Aryepiglottic fold collapse

The negative pressures in the upper airway of the horse can lead to collapse of soft tissue structures. The tissue between the epiglottis and larynx can be pulled into the airway. Horses present with exercise intolerance and noise. Laser surgery may help.

Clinical signs: exercise intolerance and noise with exercise

Subepiglottic cysts

Cysts can develop in the larynx and interfere with function of the epiglottis. Problems with the epiglottis lead to swallowing disorders and feed aspiration. Cysts can be treated by laser or formalin injections.

Clinical signs : dysphagia, cough