| Androecium |
One of the whorls of a flower and is all of the male reproductive parts; stamens. |
| Annual rings |
Demarcation between small-celled later summer and large-celled spring secondary xylem. |
| Anther |
Pollen-bearing component of the stamen. |
| Anticlinal division |
Type of cell division in which the new cells have divided so that the wall of the cells is perpendicular to the outside of the stem. |
| Axillary bud |
Bud borne in the axil of a stem. |
| Bark |
All tissues exterior of the vascular cambium, including the primary and secondary phloem, phelloderm (if present), cork cambium, and cork. |
| Bisexual |
A flower that has both the androecium and gynoecium; also called hermaphroditic or perfect flower. |
| Calyx |
One of the whorls of a flower; located at the base of the receptacle, and contains all the sepals. |
| Carpel |
Composed of three parts: stigma, style, and ovary. |
| Cell division |
Process in mitosis where one plant cell divides into two identical cells. |
| Chasmogamy |
When the anther matures after the flower opens and pollen is shed before the stigma becomes receptive; common in non self-pollinating crops. |
| Cleistogamy |
When the anther matures, pollen is shed, and the stigma is receptive before the flower opens; common in self-pollinating crops. |
| Complete flower |
Where all four whorls are present: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. |
| Cork |
Outer protective tissue of bark; also called phellem. |
| Cork cambium |
Lateral meristem responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems; also called phellogen. |
| Cork cells |
Cells located in the cork; lined with suberin and dead at maturity. |
| Corolla |
One of the whorls of a flower consisting of all the petals. |
| Cortex |
Also known as the ground meristem; found just inside the epidermis, extends toward the interior of the stem and root, and is made up of three types of cells: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. |
| Derivative (cells) |
Other sister cells that, after the initial meristematic initial cells are created, divide once or twice more and then differentiate. |
| Dermal |
Outside of the plant; provides protection for the plant cells they surround. |
| Dioecious |
When an entire plant has only male or only female flowers; means “two houses.” |
| Epigynous |
When the perianth and androecium are positioned above the ovary; also called an inferior ovary. |
| Fascicular cambium |
Cambium within the vascular bundle. |
| Filament |
Stalk that holds up the anther so that pollen grains can be effectively released. |
| Gynoecium |
One of the whorls of the flower and is all of the female reproductive parts; carpels. |
| Heartwood |
Older, darker xylem in the stem that is clogged with resins that limit the transport of water. |
| Hermaphroditic |
A flower that has both the andreocium and gynoecium; also called a perfect flower or bisexual. |
| Hypogynous |
When the perianth and androecium are attached below the ovary; also called a superior ovary. |
| Imperfect flower |
Flower that has only the androecium OR only the gynoecium present. |
| Incomplete flower |
Flower missing one or more of the four whorls. |
| Inferior ovary |
When the perianth and androecium is positioned above the ovary; also called an epigynous flower. |
| Initials (cells) |
Meristem cells that remain meristematic because they continue to initiate new cells. |
| Interfascicular cambium |
Cambium between the vascular bundles. |
| Lateral meristem |
Specialized meristems made up of cells that undergo mitotic cell division. |
| Lenticels |
Breaks in the cork cells that allow gas and water exchange. |
| Locule |
Chamber in the ovary. |
| Monoecious |
When an entire plant has both male and female parts (can be perfect or imperfect); means “one house.” |
| Ovary |
Part of the carpel; contains ovules which develop into seeds. |
| Ovary wall |
Provides protection to the ovules; also called the pericarp. |
| Ovule |
Part of the ovary that contains an embryo sac; surrounded by the nucellus, which develops into a seed after fertilization. |
| Peduncle |
Large, central stalk that attaches the rachi to the stem of the plant. |
| Perfect flower |
A flower that has both the andreocium and gynoecium; also called hermaphroditic or bisexual. |
| Perianth |
Both the calyx and corolla. |
| Periclinal division |
Type of cell division where the new cells are formed either to the outside or inside and the cell wall that separates the two new cells is parallel to the outside of the stem. |
| Periderm |
Consists of the cork cambium, phelloderm, and cork. |
| Perigynous |
When the ovary is surrounded by the fused bases of the perianth and androecium. |
| Petals |
Modified leaves that make-up the corolla; showy, and attract pollinators. |
| Phellem |
Another name for cork. |
| Phelloderm |
New cells that are laid down toward the inside of the stem or root by the cork cambium. |
| Phellogen |
Another name for cork cambium. |
| Pistil |
Term used when several carpels are fused together. |
| Pistillate flower |
An imperfect flower that contains only the gynoecium. |
| Primary (cells) |
Cells that originate from cell divisions of the apical meristem. |
| Primary growth |
Growth that results from activity by an apical meristem; causes the elongation of the cells in the apical meristem region, which leads to increasing plant length. |
| Primary phloem |
Phloem tissue that results from differentiation of derivative cells (procambium). |
| Primary xylem |
Xylem tissue that results from differentiation of derivative cells (procambium). |
| Protandry |
When the pollen is shed before the stigma is receptive. |
| Protogyny |
When the stigma is receptive prior to the pollen shedding. |
| Receptacle |
Base of the flower where the floral parts are attached. |
| Sapwood |
Younger, lighter xylem in the stem that is resin-free and transports water up the trunk. |
| Secondary growth |
Growth that results from activity by a lateral meristem; causes thickening of the stem or root rather than elongation. |
| Secondary phloem |
New phloem formed on the outside and produced by the fascicular cambium. |
| Secondary xylem |
New xylem formed on the inside and produced by the fascicular cambium. |
| Self-incompatibility |
When there are genetic mechanisms that inhibit self-pollination of a flower. |
| Self-pollination |
When the pollen from the plant pollinates the stigma of the same plant. |
| Sepals |
Outermost whorl of the flower that protects the flower and photosynthesizes. |
| Stamen |
Modified leaf; collectively makes up the androecium. A stamen is made-up of the anther and filament. |
| Staminate flower |
An imperfect flower that contains only the androecium. |
| Stigma |
Receptive apex of the carpel of a flower, on which pollen is deposited at pollination. |
| Style |
Part of the carpel that elevates the stigma to a position for reception of pollen; conduit for pollen tube growth. |
| Suberin |
Waxy substance present in the cell walls of corky tissues; impermeable to water and gases. |
| Superior ovary |
When the perianth and androecium are attached below the ovary; also called a hypogynous flower. |
| Tepal |
When the sepals and petals are showy and indistinguishable. |
| Vascular cambium |
Lateral meristem producing vascular tissues. |
| Vascular tissue |
System containing vessels that carry or circulate fluids and dissolved minerals in the plant; composed of xylem, phloem, and bundle sheath cells. |
| Whorl |
Node on the receptacle where the four types of modified leaves are attached (four whorls of a flower). |
