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Introduction & Attribution
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Chapter Objectives
1.2 Nature of Science Overview
1.3 Experimental Design
1.4 Interpreting Data
1.5 Process of Science: an example
1.6 Correlation Does Not Equal Causation
1.7 Exploring Correlations
1.8 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
1.9 Does the HPV vaccine lead to more sex in teenagers?
1.10 Science is a social endeavor
1.11 Wrapping Up: Why use sex to study biology?
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Chapter Objectives
2.2 Evolution Overview
2.3 What is NOT evolution?
2.4 How do we know evolution has occurred? Fossil evidence.
2.5 How do we know evolution has occurred? Comparative anatomy.
2.6 How do we know evolution has occurred? Genetic evidence.
2.7 How do we know evolution has occurred? Biogeography.
2.8 The Four Mechanisms of Evolution
2.9 Mechanisms of Evolution: Mutation
2.10 Mechanisms of Evolution: Natural Selection
2.11 Mechanisms of Evolution: Migration
2.12 Mechanisms of Evolution: Genetic Drift
2.13 Adaptation, Fitness, and Diversity
2.14 Sexual Selection
2.15 Speciation
2.16 Phylogenetic trees
2.17 Wrapping Up: Are Humans Evolving?
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Chapter Objectives
3.2 What are living things made of?
3.3 Sugars
3.4 Nucleic Acids
3.5 Amino Acids
3.6 Fatty Acids
3.7 Cells
3.8 Looking Closer at Organelles
3.9 Wrapping Up: Revisiting the Egg
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Chapter Objectives
4.2 An Overview of Basic Genetics
4.3 Genotype to Phenotype
4.4 Genes Get Around
4.5 Oral sex in cichlid fishes
4.6 See for Yourself
4.7 The Science of Paternity Testing
4.8 Wrapping Up
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Chapter Objectives
5.2 The Genetic Basis of Gene Expression
5.3 Protein Synthesis Requires RNA
5.4 RNA is Transcribed from a DNA Template
5.5 RNA is Translated into a Polypeptide
5.6 What are proteins?
5.7 Proteins Take on Many Roles
5.8 Using the genetic code
5.9 Many Genes are Highly Conserved
5.10 Point Mutations Affect Gene Expression
5.11 Gene Regulation
5.12 Wrapping Up: The Mystery of Monogamy
5.13 Wrapping up: Final questions
6.0 Introduction
6.1 Chapter Objectives
6.2 Sex generates genetic diversity
6.3 Mitosis is how most of our cells divide
6.4 Meiotic division results in sex cells
6.5 Meiosis I
6.6 Meiosis II
6.7 Further genetic diversity is generated through crossing over
6.8 Pulling the pieces together
6.9 Recessive traits are expressed when two copies are present
6.10 Dominant alleles can mask recessive alleles
6.11 Calculating the odds of inheritance
6.12 Sex chromosomes
6.13 Sex-linked inheritance
6.14 Moving beyond single-gene effects
6.15 Wrapping up: A return to cloning labs
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Chapter Objectives
7.2 Sex is a Problem
7.3 Does sex lead to fewer mutations?
7.4 The Red Queen
7.5 Testing the Red Queen Hypothesis
7.6 Overview of the Vertebrate Immune System
7.7 Major Histocompatibility Complex
7.8 What is a p-value and how is it interpreted?
7.9 Wrapping Up: Sex and the Single Whiptail Lizard
8.0 Introduction
8.1 Chapter Objectives
8.2 Explore Male and Female
8.3 What Distinguishes the Sexes?
8.4 Sex: It’s About the Gametes
8.5 Mechanisms of Sex Determination
8.6 Human Sex Differentiation
8.7 Variations in Human Sex Differentiation
8.8 What about hermaphrodites – and biological sex?
8.9 Understanding Hermaphroditism
8.10 Wrapping Up: What is Gender? Beyond the Binary
9.0 Introduction
9.1 Chapter Objectives
9.2 What is sexual selection?
9.3 How does sexual selection work?
9.4 Can we see markers of sexual selection in animals?
9.5 Why be choosy about your mate?
9.6 Unconventional ways of finding a mate
9.7 When males and females do not agree
9.8 Post-copulatory sexual selection
9.9 What is the evidence for sexual selection in humans?
9.10 What’s up with the human female orgasm?
9.11 Is the brain another object of sexual desire?
9.12 Understanding human mating through language and culture
9.13 Understanding the naturalistic fallacy
9.14 Wrapping Up: Understanding the silent crickets
10.0 Introduction
10.1 Chapter Objectives
10.2 Revisiting Sexual Selection
10.3 Polyandry
10.4 Polygyny
10.5 Promiscuity (and Polygynandry)
10.6 Monogamy
10.7 Correlation of Environmental Factors with Mating Systems
10.8 Human mating systems
10.9 Wrapping Up:
11.0 Introduction
11.1 Chapter Objectives
11.2 Characterizing populations
11.3 An Introduction to Operational Sex Ratios
11.4 Variety in Operational Sex Ratios
11.5 The puzzle of skewed sex ratios at birth
11.6 The Trivers-Willard hypothesis of sex allocation
11.7 Testing Trivers-Willard in opossums
11.8 Testing Trivers-Willard in red deer
11.9 Testing Trivers-Willard in spider monkeys
11.10 Testing Trivers-Willard in humans
11.11 Beyond Trivers-Willard
11.12 Male bias and extreme sex ratios
11.13 Wrapping Up: Understanding human sex ratios
12.0 Introduction
12.1 Chapter Objectives
12.2 What do we mean by “Sexual Orientation?”
12.3 Sexual preference is not binary
12.4 Homosexuality is widespread in nature
12.5 Proximate causes: Is sexual orientation genetic?
12.6 Proximate environmental causes Part 1: Is sexual orientation influenced by the environment?
12.7 Proximate environmental causes Part 2: Fraternal birth order and the uterine environment
12.8 Ultimate causes: Why is homosexuality an evolutionary “puzzle?”
12.9 How did homosexuality evolve?
12.10 Testing hypotheses about the ultimate causes of homosexuality
12.11 Understanding homophobia
12.12 Wrapping Up: And Tango Makes Three
12.13 Read More
13.0 Introduction
13.1 Chapter Objectives
13.2 Every body is different.
13.3 Commonalities between male and female reproductive anatomy
13.4 Male reproductive anatomy
13.5 Male reproductive physiology
13.6 Sperm are produced in the testes
13.7 Female reproductive anatomy
13.8 Female reproductive physiology
13.9 Wrapping Up: Revisiting Circumcisions
14.0 Introduction
14.1 Chapter Objectives
14.2 Diversity of sexual intimacy
14.3 Plant Sex
14.4 Animal sex, from fish to birds
14.5 Mammal Sex
14.6 Human procreative copulation
14.7 Human fertilization: from gametes to a zygote
14.8 Contraception
14.9 Fertility Treatments
14.10 Wrapping Up: Returning to Sex Education
15.0 Introduction
15.1 Chapter Objectives
15.2 The first two weeks
15.3 Gastrulation, neurulation, and beyond
15.4 Gestation
15.5 How are twins made?
15.6 Labor, delivery, and lactation
15.7 Abortion
15.8 Wrapping Up: Revisiting the missing mother case
Appendix
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Introduction to the Evolution & Biology of Sex Copyright © by Katherine Furniss and Sarah Hammarlund is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.