Germany’s publishing status quo does not yet reflect the full multiculturality of contemporary Germany. There have been positive developments of late, with authors from marginalized groups finally being published by larger literary publishers as well as appearing on the longlists for major literary awards (though those juries remain almost exclusively white). Nevertheless, much still continues to be published on the margins, so librarians collecting for German studies must be nimble and look beyond their approval plans and slips.

Black Germans

Black Germans (sometimes called Afro-Germans) are Germans or German residents with ancestry from Sub-Saharan Africa, or migrants in Germany from Sub-Saharan Africa. Since race is not a category on the German census, it is difficult to accurately count how many Black Germans are in Germany today, though some estimate the number to be at least one million (Chimbelu 2020).

As the useful website of the Black Central European Studies Network shows, Black people have lived in or experienced Europe since the medieval era. The era of colonization brought more permanent black communities to what is now Germany. Though Germany relinquished its claims to these lands at the end of World War I, colonization has had lasting and sinister effects, most notably with the genocide of the Herero and Nama people in the former colony of German Southwest Africa (today Namibia) from 1904-1908.

Much of contemporary Black German literature has roots in the 1980s, which brought a new wave of Black German activism, scholarship, and literary production. The grassroots organizations ADEFRA – Schwarze Frauen in Deutschland (Black Women in Germany) and Initiative Schwarze Menschen in Deutschland (Initiative of Black People in Germany) were founded at this time; they helped bring a new political voice to Black Germans, and continue to do so today. The germinal Farbe Bekennen, edited by May Ayim, Katharina Oguntoye, and Dagmar Schultz and published by the feminist press Orlanda Verlag in 1984, was a pathbreaking collection of essays, poetry, interviews, and Black German history. It was subsequently translated into English and published in 1991 as Showing our Colors: Afro-German Women Speak Out. The late May Ayim also made a name for herself with her poetry, and today is perhaps the most commonly taught Black German writer in German literature courses in North America.

Like Ayim, many contemporary Black German authors do activist work alongside or intertwined with their literary output. Until recently, the more traditional German literary publishers rarely published any works by Black German authors; many authors thus published with activist or leftist publishers like Orlanda Frauenverlag, Unrast Verlag, and edition assemblage. Some found it was easier to reach readers in English, while others sought to self-publish. Writing about her decision to self-publish her crime novel Die Schwarze Madonna (The Black Madonna), Noah Sow wrote on her blog “Of course an editor is important and necessary! But when I self publish I can seek one out myself that I don’t have to spend time educating that women of color have different (and more complex) experiences than other figures” (Sow, n.d.).

Traditional German literary publishers appear to be starting to listen to Black German voices, and one would hope that the critical success of recent books like 1000 Serpentinen Angst (1,000 Coils of Fear) by Olivia Wenzel and Adas Raum (Ada’s room) by Sharon Dodua Otoo, both of which have been translated into English, will lead publishing houses to spend more time nurturing these voices.

Core Materials

Memoirs/Non-fiction/Essays

Hoeder, Ciani-Sophia. 2021. Wut und Böse. 1. Auflage. Berlin: hanserblau.

Huber, Charles M. 2005. Ein Niederbayer im Senegal: Mein Leben zwischen zwei Welten. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.

Hügel-Marshall, Ika. 1998. Daheim unterwegs: Ein deutsches Leben. Berlin: Orlanda Frauenverlag.

Hügel-Marshall, Ika. 2001. Invisible Woman: Growing up Black in Germany. New York; London: Continuum.

Mandeng, Annabelle. 2021. Umwege sind auch Wege: Vom Schwarzsein und anderen Abenteuern. Hamburg: Eden Books.

Massaquoi, Hans J. 1999. Destined to Witness: Growing up Black in Nazi Germany. New York: W. Morrow.

Sow, Noah. 2008. Deutschland Schwarz Weiß: Der alltägliche Rassismus. München: Bertelsmann.

Thompson, Nikeata. 2021. Schwarz auf Weiß: Trau dich zu träumen und schaff das Unmögliche. Originalausgabe. München: Heyne.

Anthologies

Koepsell, Philipp Khabo. 2014. Afro Shop. Berlin: epubli GmbH.

Obulor, Evein. 2021. Schwarz wird grossgeschrieben. München: &Töchter.

Oguntoye, Katharina, May Opitz, and Dagmar Schultz. 1986. Farbe bekennen: Afro-deutsche Frauen auf den Spuren ihrer Geschichte. Berlin: Orlanda-Frauenverlag.

Oguntoye, Katharina, May Opitz, and Dagmar Schultz. 1991. Showing Our Colors: Afro-German Women Speak Out. University of Massachusetts Press.

Fiction/Poetry/Graphic Novels

Aikins, Muna AnNisa. 2020. Die Haut meiner Seele: Eine Erzählung in Lyrik und Prosa. Insurrection Notes, vol. 12. Münster: Unrast.

Götting, Michael. 2015. Contrapunctus: Roman. Insurrection Notes, vol. 5. Münster: Unrast.

Hagen, Zoe. 2016. Tage mit Leuchtkäfern: Roman. Berlin: Ullstein.

Koepsell, Philipp Khabo. 2010. Die Akte James Knopf: Afrodeutsche Wort- und Streitkunst. Insurrection notes, vol. 1. Münster: Unrast.

Kuhnke, Jasmina. 2021. Schwarzes Herz: Roman. Hamburg: Rowohlt.

Lubinetzki, Raja. 2013. Das leidige Hindernis. Edition Cornelius Art. Halle (Saale): Projekte-Verlag Cornelius.

———.  2019. Der Barfussne Tag: Gedichte. Berlin: Distillery.

Ofili, Sylvia, and Birgit Weyhe. 2018. German Calendar: No December. London: Cassava Republic Press. (Graphic Novel)

Otoo, Sharon Dodua. 2021. Adas Raum: Roman. Originalausgabe. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.

Pokua, Ama. 2020. Stehaufmädchen: ein Leben in zwei Welten. Kollmar: Asempa Verlag.

Popoola, Olumide. 2010. This Is Not about Sadness. Insurrection Notes, vol. 2. Münster: UNRAST-Verlag.

———. 2013. Also by Mail. Witnessed, Edition 2. Münster: Edition Assemblage.

Raabe, Melanie. 2019. Die Wälder: Thriller. München: btb.

SchwarzRund. 2017. Biskaya: Afropolitaner Berlin-Roman. Wien: Zaglossus.

———. 2020. Quasi afroqueere Novelle. Berlin: Ach je Verlag.

Sow, Noah. 2019. Die Schwarze Madonna: Fatou Falls erster Fall. Norderstedt: BoD – Books on Demand.

Thomae, Jackie. 2019. Brüder: Roman. München: Hanser Berlin.

Wenzel, Olivia. 2020. 1000 Serpentinen Angst: Roman. Originalausgabe. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.

Recommended Readings

Aitken, Robbie John Macvicar, and Eve Rosenhaft. 2013. Black Germany: The Making and Unmaking of a Diaspora Community, 1884-1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Florvil, Tiffany Nicole. 2020. Mobilizing Black Germany: Afro-German Women and the Making of a Transnational Movement. Black Internationalism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Honeck, Mischa, Martin Klimke, and Anne Kuhlmann-Smirnov, eds. 2013. Germany and the Black Diaspora Points of Contact, 1250-1914. Studies in German History. New York: Berghahn Books.

Kelly, Natasha A. 2021. Afrokultur: “Der Raum zwischen Gestern und Morgen.” Münster: Unrast.

Kelly, Natasha A., and Olive Vassell. 2023. Mapping Black Europe: Monuments, Markers, Memories. Public and Applied History, volume 7. Bielefeld: Transcript.

Layne, Priscilla. 2018. White Rebels in Black: German Appropriation of Black Popular Culture. Social History, Popular Culture, and Politics in Germany. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Lennox, Sara, ed. 2016. Remapping Black Germany: New Perspectives on Afro-German History, Politics, and Culture. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

Community Resources

Black Central European Studies Network: A digital humanities project by a network of historians; provides good overviews of the history of the Black diaspora in Europe along with teaching materials.

Each One Teach One: A community organization in Berlin devoted to the empowerment of Black Germans. Their library, which has an online catalog, is an excellent collection of Black German writing, and they frequently hold events.

Theodor Wonja Michael Bibliothek: A library in Cologne founded by the Afro-Diasporic association Sonnenblumen Community Development Group e.V. It has an extensive collection of non-fiction, fiction, and children’s books by Black German authors and Black authors from around the world, hosts frequent events, and has a blog.

Turkish Germans

Cultural exchange between inhabitants of German-speaking and Turkish-speaking lands has existed for centuries. In the contemporary German imagination, however, the Turkish presence in Germany is often reduced to the beginning of an agreement between Germany and Turkey in the 1960s that invited Turkish workers to come to West Germany to support its burgeoning Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle). Turkey was not the only country from which these so-called Gastarbeiter (guest workers) came, but the Turkish workers made up a large part of this workforce, and some eventually brought their families and stayed permanently in the country. Turkish Germans are often the target of right-wing thinkers in Germany who refuse to believe in the possibility of a multicultural Germany, even though many Turkish-German families have lived in Germany for generations.

Turkey is itself a diverse country, and the term “Turkish” encompasses many different identities, as does “Turkish German,” as evident in the texts selected for this chapter. As with Black Germans, it is impossible to accurately measure how many Germans of Turkish descent are living in Germany today, though some sources estimate around 7 million (Zestos and Cooke 2020).

In the 1970s and 80s, as more literary texts in German by migrants or children of migrants started to appear, German literary scholars began to write about what they first called Gastarbeiterliteratur (Guest Worker Literature) and later termed Migrationsliteratur (Migration Literature). This latter term includes writers from Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and other regions, but it is most frequently applied to Turkish German authors. Some now argue, however, that it is a paternalistic term that exoticizes these authors and prioritizes texts emphasizing the non-German-ness of the authors. Olga Grajsnowa, a German writer born in Azerbaijan, wrote “Everyone—really, without exception—everyone who has a strange-sounding name or whose parents were not born in Germany is lumped together under this ineffable term. A term that remains highly questionable, racist, and paternalistic” (Grjasnowa 2021).

There are now writers in Germany of Turkish descent (like Fatma Aydemir) who are third-generation Germans, yet this othering continues. As many on the right in Germany resist multiculturalism, texts by Turkish German authors provide another point of view and a reflection of shifting realities in contemporary Germany, making them essential parts of German Studies collections.

Core Materials

Fiction/Poetry

Acar, Cihan. 2020. Hawaii: Roman. 2. Auflage. München: Hanser Berlin.

Aydemir, Fatma. 2017. Ellbogen: Roman. München: Hanser.

———. 2022. Dschinns: Roman.

Engin, Osman. 2010. 1001 Nachtschichten: Mordstorys am Fliessband. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.

———. 2013. Deutschland allein zu Haus: Roman. Originalausgabe. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.

———. 2017. Osmans Alltag: Zwischen Köfte und Korinthenkackern. Köln: WortArt.

Ergün, Mutlu. 2010. Kara Günlük: Die geheimen Tagebücher des Sesperado. Münster: Unrast.

Ertan, Semra, Zühal Bilir-Meier, Cana Bilir-Meier, Can-Peter Meier, and Hans-Peter Meier. 2020. Mein Name ist Ausländer: Gedichte = Benim adım yabancı:şiirler. Münster: Edition Assemblage.

Güngör, Dilek. 2009. Das Geheimnis meiner türkischen Großmutter: Roman. München: Piper.

———. 2019. Ich bin Özlem: Roman. Berlin: Verbrecher Verlag.

———. 2021. Vater und ich: Roman. Berlin: Verbrecher Verlag.

Önder, Yade Yasemin. 2022. Wir wissen, wir könnten, und fallen synchron: Roman. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.

Ören, Aras. 2017. Wir neuen Europäer: Ein Lesebuch. Berlin: Verbrecher Verlag.

Özdamar, Emine Sevgi. 1990. Mutterzunge: Erzählungen. Berlin: Rotbuch.

———. 1992. Das Leben ist eine Karawanserei: Hat zwei Türen, aus einer kam ich rein, aus der anderen ging ich raus. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.

———. 1998. Die Brücke vom goldenen Horn: Roman. 3. Aufl. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.

———. 2000. Life Is a Caravanserai: Has Two Doors, I Came in One, I Went out the Other. Translated by Luise von Flotow. Middlesex University World Literature Series. London: Middlesex University Press.

———. 2001. Der Hof im Spiegel: Erzählungen. KiWi 619. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.

———. 2007. The Bridge of the Golden Horn. Translated by Martin Chalmers. London: Serpent’s Tail.

———. 2021. Ein von Schatten begrenzter Raum: Roman. Erste Auflage. Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag.

Özdogan, Selim. 2012a. Der Klang der Blicke: Geschichten. Innsbruck: Haymon.

———. 2012b. Kopfstand im Karma-Taxi: Bekenntnisse eines Pranajunkies. Winterthur: Edition Spuren.

———. 2013. Was wir hörten, als wir nach der Wahrheit suchten. Edition 12 Farben, Bd. 7. Köln: Rhein wörtlich.

———. 2016. Wieso Heimat, ich wohne zur Miete: Roman. Innsbruck: Haymon Verlag.

———. 2017. Wo noch Licht brennt: Roman. Innsbruck: Haymon Verlag.

———. 2019. Der die Träume hört: Kriminalroman. Hamburg: Edition Nautilus.

———. 2021. Die Musik auf den Dächern: Erzählungen. Hamburg: Edition Nautilus.

Schwarz, Büke. 2020. Jein. Berlin: Jaja Verlag. (Graphic Novel)

Şenocak, Zafer. 2011. Deutschsein: Eine Aufklärungsschrift. Hamburg: Edition Körber-Stiftung.

Turhan, Su. 2013. Kommissar Pascha: Ein Fall für Kommissar Zeki Demirbilek. Piper Verlag.

———. 2017. Getürkt: Ein neuer Fall für Kommissar Pascha. München: Piper.

———. 2018. Mordslust Pur: Ein neuer Fall für Kommissar Pascha. München: Piper.

Utlu, Deniz. 2014. Die Ungehaltenen: Roman. München: Graf-Verl.

———. 2019. Gegen Morgen: Roman. Erste Auflage. Berlin: Suhrkamp.

Zaimoglu, Feridun. 2003. Leinwand: Roman. Hamburg: Rotbuch.

———. 2014. Isabel: Roman. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.

———. 2015. Siebentürmeviertel: Roman. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.

Community Resources

Literaturport: Turkish Scene: This list, compiled by Berlin-based Turkish journalist Menekşe Toprak, is a good overview of libraries, bookstores and theaters that either present Turkish literature in German translation or feature Turkish-German voices.

Renk: An online cultural magazine that focuses heavily on German-Turkish experience. The magazine also holds regular events.

Recommended Readings

Gezen, Ela E., Priscilla Layne, and Jonathan Skolnik, eds. 2022. Minority Discourses in Germany since 1990. Spektrum: Publications of the German Studies Association, volume 23. New York: Berghahn.

Göktürk, Deniz, David Gramling, and Anton Kaes, eds. 2007. Germany in Transit: Nation and Migration, 1955-2005. Weimar and Now 40. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Miller, Jennifer A. 2018. Turkish Guest Workers in Germany: Hidden Lives and Contested Borders, 1960s to 1980s. German and European Studies 29. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Vierra, Sarah Thomsen. 2018. Turkish Germans in the Federal Republic of Germany: Immigration, Space, and Belonging, 1961-1990. Publications of the German Historical Institute. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Queer Germans

During the Weimar Republic, homosexuality was relatively decriminalized, leading to an explosion of queer culture memorably depicted in British writer Christopher Isherwood’s Berlin Stories, which would later be adapted to the Broadway musical and film Cabaret. But the rise of the Nazis led to brutal suppression of queerness. Existing anti-sodomy laws were made more severe and were brutally enforced, and eventually convictions led to deportation to concentration camps. After World War II, the strict anti-sodomy laws stayed on the books in West Germany and would take years of queer activism until they were fully repealed in 1994.

One of the 20^th century’s most famous and enduring German writers, Thomas Mann, made great literature of his repressed homosexuality (most notably in Death in Venice), and scholars have written much about the desire he revealed in his diaries. More explicitly queer literature was published in the 1970s and 80s, most notably with Hubert Fichte and Roland Schernikau. Yet queerness remains marginal in German literature, and relatively few authors have made it a focus or even a feature of their work. Despite this, publishers such as Männerschwarm Verlag and Querverlag specialize in giving voice to queer authors and themes. A select list of German-language queer and queer-friendly publishers is available at Wir schreiben queer (We Write Queer).

Though this chapter has strived to present fiction by marginalized communities rather than merely about marginalized communities, authors in German-speaking countries are somewhat cagier about centering queer identity than their North American counterparts (perhaps out of fear of being pigeonholed). It is not clear in every case whether the author self-identifies as queer, but this list of books represents notable engagement with queer themes in contemporary fiction of the last two decades in Germany, as well in a few titles from Austria and Switzerland.

In the last few years there has been a stunning shift in the visibility and acceptance of queer authors writing in about queer experiences in German, as evidenced in the last two winners of the German Book Prize: Ante Rávik Strubel, Germany’s foremost queer contemporary literary author, for Blaue Frau in 2021, and Kim de L’Horizon, a Swiss non-binary author, for their stunning debut Blutbuch in 2022.

Core Materials

English-language Anthology

Schmidt, Gary, and Merrill Cole. 2021. Quertext: An Anthology of Queer Voices from German-Speaking Europe. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.

Memoirs/Essays/Non-fiction:

Eckert, Nora. 2021. Wie alle, nur anders: Ein transsexuelles Leben in Berlin. München: C.H. Beck.

Emcke, Carolin. 2012. Wie wir Begehren. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.

Giese, Linus. 2020. Ich bin Linus: Wie ich der Mann wurde, der ich schon immer war. Hamburg: Rowohlt Polaris.

Fiction/Poetry/Graphic Novel

Bas Backer, Joris. 2020. Küsse für Jet. Erstausgabe. Berlin: Jaja Verlag. (Graphic Novel)

Bauer, Jürgen. 2020. Portrait: Roman. Wien: Septime Verlag.

Conradi, Lou. 2019. Baby Butch: Roman. Münster: edition assemblage.

De l’Horizon, Kim. 2022. Blutbuch. Köln: Dumont.

Grjasnowa, Olga. 2014. Die juristische Unschärfe einer Ehe: Roman. München: Hanser.

Hein, Christoph. 2018. Verwirrnis: Roman. Berlin: Suhrkamp.

Hischmann, Fabian. 2015. Am Ende schmeissen wir mit Gold: Roman. Berlin: Berlin Verlag Taschenbuch.

Inokai, Yael. 2022. Ein simpler Eingriff: Roman. Berlin: Hanser.

Onano, Maurizio. 2019. Oma Herbert. Erstausgabe. Berlin: Jaja Verlag. (Graphic Novel)

Pleschinski, Hans. 2002. Bildnis eines Unsichtbaren: Roman. München: C. Hanser.

———. 2013. Königsallee: Roman. München: C.H. Beck.

Ranisch, Axel. 2018. Nackt über Berlin: Roman. Berlin: Ullstein fünf.

Salzmann, Marianna. 2017. Ausser sich: Roman. Berlin: Suhrkamp.

———. 2021. Im Menschen muss alles herrlich sein: Roman. Berlin: Suhrkamp.

Salzmann, Marianna. 2019. Beside Myself. Translated by Imogen Taylor. New York: Other Press.

Schneeberger, X. 2020. Neon Pink & Blue: Roman. Biel/Bienne: Verlag die Brotsuppe.

Steidele, Angela. 2015. Rosenstengel: Ein Manuskript aus dem Umfeld Ludwigs II. Berlin: Matthes & Seitz.

Steinhöfel, Andreas. 1998. Die Mitte der Welt: Roman. Hamburg: Carlsen.

Stressenreuter, Jan. 2013. Wie Jakob die Zeit verlor: Roman. Berlin: Querverlag.

———. 2017. Aus Hass: Kriminalroman. Quer Criminal. Berlin: Querverlag.

———. 2019. Weil wir hier sind: Roman. Berlin: Querverlag.

Strubel, Antje Rávik. 2001a. Offene Blende: Roman. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.

———. 2001b. Unter Schnee: Episodenroman. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.

———. 2004. Tupolew 134: Roman. München: C.H. Beck.

———. 2008a. Kältere Schichten der Luft: Roman. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.

———. 2008b. Snowed under: An Episodic Novel. Translated by Zaia Alexander. Los Angeles: Red Hen Press.

———. 2011. Sturz der Tage in die Nacht: Roman. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.

———. 2016. In den Wäldern des menschlichen Herzens: Episodenroman. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.

———. 2021. Blaue Frau: Roman. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.

Wagner, Antje. 1999. Der gläserne Traum: Roman. Berlin: Querverlag.

———. 2001. Lüge mich: Roman. 1. Aufl. Berlin: Querverlag.

———. 2003. Mottenlicht: Erzählungen. 1. Aufl. KiWi 803. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.

———. 2005. Hinter dem Schlaf: Roman. 1. Aufl. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.

Wenzel, Olivia. 2020. 1000 Serpentinen Angst: Roman. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.

———. 2022. 1,000 Coils of Fear: A Novel. Translated by Priscilla Layne. First Catapult edition. New York: Catapult, 2022.

Yaghoobifarah, Hengameh. 2021. Ministerium der Träume: Roman. 2. Auflage. Berlin: Blumenbar.

Yeşilöz, Yusuf. 2011. Hochzeitsflug: Roman. Zürich: Limmat.

Community Resources

Buchladen Eisenherz: An excellent LGBTIQ+ bookstore in Berlin with a great selection of fiction and non-fiction queer titles by German authors and by world authors in German translation. Their website has a helpful online catalog.

Schwules Museum: A museum in Berlin founded in 1984 devoted to LGBTIQ+ history and culture. Has a world-renowned library and archives.

Recommended Readings

Beachy, Robert. 2015. Gay Berlin: Birthplace of a Modern Identity. New York: Vintage Books.

Gammerl, Benno. 2021. Anders Fühlen: Schwules und lesbisches Leben in der Bundesrepublik: eine Emotionsgeschichte. 1. Auflage. München: Carl Hanser Verlag.

Hader, Regine. n.d. “The Last Hundred Queer Years in Germany.” Translated by Eric Rosencrantz. Goethe-Institut. Accessed December 29, 2023. https://www.goethe.de/ins/us/en/kul/wir/22294995.html.

Heger, Heinz. 2023. The Men with the Pink Triangle: The True, Life-and-Death Story of Homosexuals in the Nazi Death Camps. Translated by David Fernbach. New edition. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.

Huneke, Samuel Clowes. 2022. States of Liberation: Gay Men between Dictatorship and Democracy in Cold War Germany. German and European Studies 44. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Marhoefer, Laurie. 2022. Racism and the Making of Gay Rights: A Sexologist, His Student, and the Empire of Queer Love. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Frackman, Kyle, and Ervin Malakaj, organizers. 2020. “The Pasts and Futures of Queer German Studies.” Conference held at the University of British Columbia, April 24-26, 2020. Website includes YouTube videos of presentations. https://blogs.ubc.ca/queergermanstudies/conference-program-with-video-links/.

Whisnant, Clayton John. 2016. Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History, 1880-1945. New York: Harrington Park Press.

References

Chimbelu, Chiponda. 2020. “What’s Life Really like for Black People in Germany?” Deutsche Welle. April 25, 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/whats-life-really-like-for-black-people-in-germany/a-5315944.

Grjasnowa, Olga. 2020. “Privileges.” Transit 12, no. 2. https://transit.berkeley.edu/2020/grjasnowagarcia/.

Sow, Noah. n.d. “Meine neue Buchveröffentlichung: Afrodeutscher Heimatkrimi»Die Schwarze Madonna«. Detektivin Fatou ermittelt in Bayern. – noahsow.de.” Accessed April 19, 2022. https://noahsow.de/blog/meine-neue-buchveroeffentlichung-afrodeutscher-heimatkrimi-die-schwarze-madonna-detektivin-fatou-ermittelt-in-bayern/.

Zestos, George K., and Rachel N. Cooke. 2020.Challenges for the EU as Germany approaches recession. No. 948. Working Paper, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. Accessed December 29, 2023. https://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp_948.pdf.