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Bunny Bellies: Hopping In and Out of Trouble

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Appendix


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Appendix

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What is RGIS?


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What is RGIS?

<![CDATA[   Rabbit Gastrointestinal Syndrome (RGIS) is a term used to describe a symptom of abdominal pain and GI stasis.

An x-ray of a rabbit with a distended cecum, indicative of RGIS.

There can be one or more of the following conditions present:

  • Impactions of the stomach, intestines or cecum
  • Gas accumulation of the stomach, intestines or cecum
  • Intestinal obstruction
  • Pancreatitis
  • Adhesions
  • hepatic lipidosis
  • liver lobe torsion
  • Cholangiohepatitis

Other clinical signs and examination findings include:

  • Lethargy
  • Dehydration
  • Abdominal distension
  • Hunched back
  • Grinding teeth

How do rabbits get RGIS?

RGIS falls into one of these categories:

  • Dietary
  • Stress/pain
  • Primary gastrointestinal disease
  • Systemic disease

Dietary

Rabbits eat a high fiber, low energy density diet. They are hindgut fermenters. Fiber promotes gastrointestinal motility.

  • Not enough fiber = slow GI. Slow GI can change the symbiosis between gut flora and the intestinal tract resulting in overgrowth of pathogens like Clostridium sp.
  • Changing diet too quickly.
  • Non-washed or wilted vegetables.
  • Lack of transition between hay bags (each hay bag can vary).
  • High carbohydrate meals like fruits, treats, oats, nuts, and seeds.
  • Lack of water.

Stress/Pain

Stress and pain can decrease gastrointestinal motility in rabbits. Stress can be from a single incident like fireworks or a long term situation like the addition of a new pet. Pain can be acute (intense) such as an injury or even chronic issues like osteoarthritis. Uneven wear of teeth can also cause gastrointestinal upset, either because it causes dysphagia or because the teeth have worn down to sharp points that hurt the cheeks and tongue. We will learn about how to identify pain in rabbits in the next section…

Primary Gastrointestinal Disease

This group of diseases can be more challenging than most. Clinical signs can look like RGIS and there may be a history of diet change or stress, but the real diagnosis can be fatal if ignored.

Systemic Disease

Many systemic diseases cause stress and pain. It is important to manage stress and pain as well as the disease itself.

  • Chronic renal disease (kidney disease)
  • Neoplasia (cancer) of any type
  • Reproductive disorders
  • Lead toxicity
  • Otitis media (ear infection)

Reasons to bring a bunny to the vet…

  • Internal parasites
  • Bacterial or viral enteric infections
  • Foreign material ingestion
  • Obstructions
  • Malocclusion
  • Signs the bunny may be in pain

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The Teeth That Keep Growing and Growing and Growing and…


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The Teeth That Keep Growing and Growing and Growing and…

<![CDATA[

Digestion begins in the mouth…

The function of teeth is to physically break down food into smaller pieces. Rabbits have aradicular hypsodont teeth. Unlike human, dogs and cats, rabbits have teeth that continue to grow throughout their lifetime. They have an “open root,” so they do not have a defined root, which allows them to constantly replace the part of the tooth that gets worn down as they eat the rough fiber of their diet (i.e. hay.) Other animals with teeth in this category include guinea pigs and chinchillas.

X-ray of a rabbit skull highlighting the length of the teeth.
X-ray of a rabbit skull highlighting the length of the teeth.

When a rabbit chews hay, they chop it up with their sharp incisors (their front teeth) and then grind it down with their “cheek teeth,” a group of molars near the back of the mouth that grind down the plant material to be swallowed. Chewing food increases the surface area thereby increasing the rate of reaction with digestive enzymes. Salivary glands filled with saliva and enzymes to start breaking down starch to convert it into sugar. The saliva also provides lubrication for the food to go down the esophagus, the tube of muscle that connects the mouth to the stomach.

A rabbit showing off her teeth during a yawn.
A rabbit showing off her teeth during a yawn.

A lot can go wrong when your teeth can’t stop growing. These bunny rabbits need constantly eat hay to wear down their teeth, but what happens if they don’t have enough access to hay, or if their teeth are misaligned? Rabbits that don’t get enough fiber/hay run the risk of overgrowing their teeth. The teeth will often wear down unevenly, causing sharp spurs on the cheek teeth that cut into the tongue and cheeks.

Green and blue arrows indicating spurs on a rabbit’s cheek teeth.

  Malocclusion (misaligned teeth) can lead to overgrown teeth, making it difficult or even painful for a rabbit to chew their food. The rabbit could be getting the adequate fiber they need in their diet, butthe misalignment of their teeth prevent them from grinding them down. Either condition can cause the rabbit to stop eating, which is an emergency situation that needs immediate attention. You will learn more about this later on in the book.  

Examples of malocclusion of the incisors. These rabbits are unable to grind down their teeth because they do not line up properly.

        ]]>

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The Stomach and Small Intestine (Guest Starring the Liver and Pancreas!)


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The Stomach and Small Intestine (Guest Starring the Liver and Pancreas!)

<![CDATA[  

The Stomach

A baby bunny’s stomach pH is around 5 to 6.5, allowing microorganisms to survive long enough to populate the cecum! You’ll learn more about the function of the cecum in the next section.

From the mouth, down the esophagus, the chewed up food drops into the stomach. Rabbits have a stomach similar to humans in terms of function, but it is shaped in a way that prevents rabbits from vomiting. Rabbits have a stomach pH of 1 to 1.6, so it is really quite acidic! The hydrochloric acid sterilizes the vegetation the rabbit swallowed, and digestive enzymes from the stomach begin to break down the chewed food pieces even more. The rabbit’s stomach is relatively small, so the food, now called chyme, leaves the stomach through the pylorus (the sphincter that connects the stomach to the small intestines) fairly quickly.

The Small Intestine

The small intestine is made up of 3 parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. As the chyme enters the small intestine, the stomach acid is neutralized while the chyme, now digesta, encounters enzymes produced by the pancreas that break it down to proteins, sugars and starches that can be absorbed. The liver creates bile, a yellow-green fluid, that gets stored in the gallbladder and released into the duodenum to help break down any fats the rabbit ingests. As the digesta gets moved along the small intestine, it continues to absorb the proteins, sugars and starches, all the while pushing the indigestible fiber left over down to the cecum, our next major part of the digestive tract (and perhaps the most important.) ]]>

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Diagnosis and Treatment of RGIS (Let’s Make That Bunny Feel Better!)


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Diagnosis and Treatment of RGIS (Let’s Make That Bunny Feel Better!)

<![CDATA[

Diagnosis

If we want to help the bunny, we have to figure out what might be causing the RGIS!

Here are a few things we can do to get some answers…   1. Take a medical history (Has anything stressful happened lately? When did the owner notice these symptoms?) 2. Take x-rays of the bunny 3. Run some blood work 4. Test the poop for parasites 5. Test the urine for signs of infection or urinary crystals 6.Urinalysis 7. Toxicology sampling, like blood lead levels (to see if the rabbit ate something poisonous) 10. Ultrasound 11. CT imaging    

Treatment

Treatment focuses on four main areas:

  1. Fluid therapy
  2. Nutritional support
  3. Pain relief/promotility medication
  4. Management of any underlying diseases or causes

  Fluid Therapy – Main ways to deliver fluids are by mouth, subcutaneous injection (fluid under the skin), or IV (sending fluid straight into the veins), depending on the increase of severity of dehydration respectively.   Nutritional Support – Instituted ASAP to promote motility and prevent hepatic lipidosis. We usually use a slurry of finely chopped hay and water (a common product is Critical Care by Oxbow) and feed it to the rabbit through a syringe.   Pain Relief/Promotility Medication – Pain and a non-motile gastrointestinal tract exacerbate each other to complicate RGIS. Use lidocaine intravenously for both pain and motility.   Motility enhancers like metoclopramide and cisapride are routinely used, but may not have any real effects on the rabbit gastrointestinal system.   Underlying Disease – Treat as indicated for the specific disease syndrome.  

This is a long video, but it goes over how to spot, diagnose, and treat RGIS!

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<![CDATA[ https://youtube.com/watch?v=MG1bmGy4DwM%3Ffeature%3Doembed ]]>

<![CDATA[ https://youtube.com/watch?v=MG1bmGy4DwM%3Ffeature%3Doembed ]]>

Hay! It’s Time to Eat!


Mon, 27 Nov 2023 15:54:57 +0000

Hay! It’s Time to Eat!

<![CDATA[ A common myth about bunnies is that they only eat carrots. Their actual diet should be around 85% grass hay! Carrots actually have a lot of sugar in them, so you’d be better serving your bunny if you just gave them the leafy green carrot tops instead!    

Timothy grass hay. Very good for your bunny, especially to maintain their dental health.

Some studies have shown that the rabbit can recognize basic flavors, such as salty, sweet, bitter, sour. Some bunnies show a preference for sweet flavors, and choose, for example, a feed containing additional sugar or molasses rather than a food of the same composition containing no additional sweeter. You should keep a close eye on that sugar content or else your bunny will end up with a tooth abscess or gain too much weight!

Orchard grass hay. Some bunnies prefer this hay due to the nice strands of grass. Others may get bored with it–bunnies are natural grazers and love a little variety! For those types of bunnies, try switching to Timothy hay.
Alfalfa hay– should really only be given to nursing mothers and babies, as well as underweight buns. This is a very fattening source of fiber.

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<![CDATA[ https://youtube.com/watch?v=KsAyo3fgzWQ%3Ffeature%3Doembed ]]>

<![CDATA[ https://youtube.com/watch?v=KsAyo3fgzWQ%3Ffeature%3Doembed ]]>

Oopsy Poopsy! Are Those Normal Bunny Poops?


Mon, 27 Nov 2023 15:57:45 +0000

Oopsy Poopsy! Are Those Normal Bunny Poops?

<![CDATA[

What does abnormal rabbit poop look like?

(The Gross Part)

  Rabbits poop quite often. They can release up to 300 pellets per day!

Normal Poop

Normal rabbit poop doesn’t have much of a smell and it is dry – but not hard, it should break apart easily. Taking a look at their poop can tell you a lot about their digestive system, current state of health, and even if they may have parasites.

Cecotropes

A normal type of poop for bunnies. Cecotropes are small moist, soft pellets that contain vitamins and nutrients vital to the good health of a rabbit. They look like very small grape clusters and are coated in a mucous membrane, which protects them. These cecotropes are then re-ingested by the rabbit, where the mucous membrane protects them as they pass through the entire GIT again, providing additional nutrients vital to a rabbit.

Tiny Poops

Your rabbit is in pain – stress creates variations in stool size Intestinal parasites Intestinal impaction – blockages and build-up inside your rabbit’s digestive system Malnutrition – your bunny may need access to better quality hay or they could have dental issues Stress – this is always on the list as a possibility

Chain Links

Bunnies love to be clean, so they groom themselves a lot. Ingesting a small amount of fur every once in a while is fine, but beware of obstructions!

Dark Poop

Dark poop can mean your rabbit is getting too much protein, leading to weight gain, stomach upset, and diarrhea.

Misshapen Poops

Could mean there is not enough fiber in your rabbit’s diet.  

Diarrhea

Diarrhea is a big concern for rabbits because it can cause dehydration. Immediately provide water and electrolytes. Diarrhea can be caused by infection, stress, parasites, or other underlying illnesses.

Cecal Dysbiosis

When a rabbit has Cecal Dysbiosis, the poop that is produced isn’t completely formed, is doughy or pasty, and very smelly. It can be caused by stress, illness or a diet too rich in starch, fat or sugar.

Mucus-covered Poop

Mucous might be present for parasites or other very serious disorders like cecal impaction. No Poop could mean your bunny is: Impacted – a build-up of stool inside your rabbit (caused by a blockage) Dehydrated Malnourished – how are their teeth? Stressed out – just like humans, stress can cause both diarrhea and constipation.  

Here’s a helpful chart!

Check out this video, too!

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<![CDATA[ https://youtube.com/watch?v=MiwPqQlvEPI%3Ffeature%3Doembed ]]>

<![CDATA[ https://youtube.com/watch?v=MiwPqQlvEPI%3Ffeature%3Doembed ]]>

The Cecum! A Big Fermentation Vat! (Feat. The Rest of the Large Intestine)


Mon, 27 Nov 2023 16:25:20 +0000

The Cecum! A Big Fermentation Vat! (Feat. The Rest of the Large Intestine)

<![CDATA[

The Cecum & The Rest of the Large Intestine

  Herbivores, animals that only eat vegetation, cannot digest fiber on their own. These animals have evolved ways to “employ” microbes (microscopic organisms like protozoa, bacteria, and yeast) in their digestive tract to eat the fiber for them! The byproducts from these microbes provide much needed vitamins, fatty acids and proteins to keep their bodies functioning! It is a process called fermentation. Some animals, like the cow, use a compartment in their stomach called the rumen to store microbes. Rabbits, on the other hand, store their microbes in the cecum. Because the cecum is near the back end

of the digestive tract, rabbits are what we call “hindgut fermenters.” After the digesta leaves the ileum of the small intestine, it splits into two paths depending on the size of the food particles. Long fibers move on to the pass along through the cecum and then out the ]the colon to be processed into fecal pellets. The shorter bits of fiber leave the cecum after passing through with the long fibers, but then move retrograde up the proximal large intestine to be fermented by the microbes back in the cecum. The cecal wall forms a spiral with 22-25 coils, thus increasing the mucosal surface area in contact with the cecal content. Some of these nutrients are absorbed directly into the wall of the cecum. After approximately 8 hours in the cecum, the digesta that wasn’t able to be absorbed through the cecal wall is pooped out in the form of cecotropes, which the bunny will eat after it leaves the rectum and anus to be digested a second time around. This is an important part of bunny digestion–it allows the rabbit to get the most out of their plant based diet!

Watch this video to see a walk-through of the process!

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<![CDATA[ https://youtube.com/watch?v=7s-GhDknV1A%3Ffeature%3Doembed ]]>

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Home Sweet Home, Bunny!


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Home Sweet Home, Bunny!

<![CDATA[ Where should my bunny live? Bunnies are small and delicate little creatures, so they live better lives inside the house with you! Your bunny does not need a cage, and in fact can live a wonderful life hopping free around your house. However, if your rabbit is not specifically trained, they should have a “home base” where they can live whenever you’re either not home or asleep. House Rabbit Society reccomends an excercise pen rather than a cage, since those offer your bunny more room to run and play. Excercise pens are also much easier to pick up and move than a cage, so that you and your rabbit can move around from time to time if you need to. What should my bunny house look like? The bigger the bunny’s home is, the better for the bunny! The enclosure shoud be at least 4-6 times bigger than your bunny when it is fully stretched out. Adding on to this, the bunny’s house should be even bigger than that if the bunny will be there for most of the day. House Rabbit Society recccomends there should be at least 8 square feet of enclosure space and 24 square feet of excercise space, which will be good enough for 1-2 rabbits. What should be in my bunny’s home? Your bunny should have a litter box (to go poop in, of course) an a little hidey box for some exra privacy. A nice soft towel or rug makes a good floor for thier homebase, and things like hard plastic baby toys and something wooden are good for the bunny to play with and chew on while you’re busy. If you have the bunny outside while you’re home and put them away when you leave, you can use a nice fruit or veggie snack to make going into their little house a more positive experience. When can my bunny go out and play? Rabbits are crepuscular, which means they sleep during the daytime and the nightime but are awake and ready to play during the morning and evening. Because of this, the best time to let your bunny go out and play is in the morning, when you are getting ready for school, and in the evening when you are doing homework and eating dinner.   https://houserabbit.org/new-to-pet-rabbits/rabbit-housing/

5 Steps to Free Roam a Pet Rabbit in Your Home

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5 Steps to Free Roam a Pet Rabbit in Your Home

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Housing and Living Spaces

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Housing and Living Spaces

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5 Steps to Free Roam a Pet Rabbit in Your Home

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Bunny! Tell Me What’s Wrong!


Wed, 29 Nov 2023 03:17:54 +0000

Bunny! Tell Me What’s Wrong!

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How to Spot if a Bunny is Experiencing Pain or Discomfort

Rabbits are prey animals…

Prey animals hide signs that they are in pain or sick–this prevents predators from singling them out as an easy catch. Unfortunately for us, this means it can be hard to identify when our bunnies are not feeling well. Here are some helpful examples of bunny body language you can use to identify an ill rabbit. Remember: a rabbit experiencing pain can lead to them developing secondary RGIS!

Below are a couple of helpful resources to learning how to spot a sick and/or painful bunny!

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Jump! Jump! Jump Around!


Wed, 29 Nov 2023 16:14:58 +0000

Jump! Jump! Jump Around!

<![CDATA[ Can I play with my bunny? Yes! You can absolutly play with your bunny, and doing so is important for their health! Playing with your bunny keeps them moving and prevents diseases like GI stasis and RGIS. Let’s talk about how! What kinds of games do bunnies like? In order to play a game that both you and your bunny can enjoy, it’s important to understand what a bunny does naturally. Bunnies have instincts that lead them to dig, chew, and forage. These are the most natural things for a bunny to do, and the best games you and your bunny can play allow it to do these things in creative, fun ways. For example, one thing that bunnies like to do is pick things up with their teeth and toss them. You can give your bunny a ball they can hold in their teeth, like a willow ball, that they can pick up and toss away. If you don’t have a willow ball, you can also use things like wooden blocks, stacking cups, and toilet paper tubes. You can also make a rabbit maze, though this is a bit more complex than reverse fetch. You can either use cardboard boxes or furniture in the house, and shape those into an obstacle course for your bunny to hop through. Then, you can use treats to guide your bunny through the maze. How else can I bond with my bunny? Remember that your bunny is a companion, and can be bonded with just like a friend! This helps your bunny to feel safe, which lowers their stress and keeps them healthy. Rabbits love fruits and veggies as treats, so if you’re munching on an apple or a carrot, hold it down toward your rabbit so that they can take a bite out of it. As long as you make sure your bunny doesn’t eat too much, this is a great way to spend some quality time with it. Another thing you can do is just simply pet your bunny. Bunnies are very soft, and this can be a great way to interact with old, relaxed rabbits that may be too lazy to hop around and play other games. If you’re petting a more energetic rabbit, you can turn it into a game by training them to ask you to pet them. When your bunny hops up to you, you can wait for them to nudge your hand, and then pet them. After petting them for a while, you can stop until they nudge your hand again to teach them that nudging your hand gets you to pet them. How to train your…bunny? Thats right! You can train a bunny just like a dog. Training your bunny to do simple tricks is a great way to bond with them and keep them moving, which keeps them healthy. One trick you can teach your bunny is to lean up and give you kisses! To do this, first, teach your bunny to look up for a treat. This is usually easier in smaller bunnies, who do this naturally. It might take a bit more practice in bigger bunnies, but once you can get them to look up for a treat, you can move on to the rest of the trick. Once you have your bunny consistently looking up to get a treat, start bringing the treat up toward your face. You might need to get closer to your rabbit so they can still reach your face and see you, as the goal is to get the bunny to come up against your face. After you get your bunny to bring his nose up to your face, you can hide the treat in the palm of your hand by closing your hand into a fist. Your rabbit’s instincts will work in your favor here, and they’ll start sniffing your hand to find where the missing treat went. Once your rabbit sniffs toward your mouth, you can make a kissing sound, or use a clicker, and give them the treat. This sound cue helps the bunny understand what they did to earn the treat, and makes it easier to repeat the trick with them in the future! ]]>

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All Together, Now!


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All Together, Now!

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Welcome to Bunny Bellies!


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Welcome to Bunny Bellies!

<![CDATA[ This interactive book will teach you about the rabbit digestive system (or, as well like to call it, the “bunny belly!”) Follow along as we go learn about the different parts of a bunny’s belly, how it works, and what can go wrong!     ]]>

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In this section you will…

  • Learn the function of each digestive organ….
  • Understand the importance of rabbit dental health…
  • Be able to explain the importance of the cecum in the rabbit digestive system…

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H5P listing

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What You Will Learn About The Bunny Belly


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What You Will Learn About The Bunny Belly

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Learning Objectives

By the end of this course you will…

    • Be able to identify and explain the function of the different parts of the rabbit gastrointestinal system and what it means to be a “hindgut fermenter.”
    • Know what a rabbit’s diet should look like.
    • Identify normal versus abnormal rabbit droppings, and explain why it is important to know which is which.
    • Be aware of the warning signs of RGIS (rabbit gastrointestinal syndrome) and its common causes.
    • Correctly identify the subtle ways rabbits express discomfort and pain.
    • Learn ways to minimize the risk of gastric upset in rabbits through proper husbandry.

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Anatomy of the Bunny Digestive System


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Anatomy of the Bunny Digestive System

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In this section you will…

  • Learn the function of each digestive organ….
  • Understand the importance of rabbit dental health…
  • Be able to explain the importance of the cecum in the rabbit digestive system

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Uh Oh… That Bunny Belly is in Trouble!


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Uh Oh… That Bunny Belly is in Trouble!

<![CDATA[ Most common presentations for a rabbit is gastrointestinal stasis. Gastrointestinal stasis (GI stasis) is a condition where the rabbit’s digestive system slows down or completely stops moving. This can cause a rabbit to die in as little as 24 hours if not treated, but as you’ll soon learn, GI stasis can be caused by quite a number of things. ]]>

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<![CDATA[

How to Spot if a Bunny is Experiencing Pain or Discomfort

Rabbits are prey animals…

Prey animals hide signs that they are in pain or sick–this prevents predators from singling them out as an easy catch. Unfortunately for us, this means it can be hard to identify when our bunnies are not feeling well. Here are some helpful examples of bunny body language you can use to identify an ill rabbit. Remember: a rabbit experiencing pain can lead to them developing secondary RGIS!

Below are a couple of helpful resources to learning how to spot a sick and/or painful bunny!

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<![CDATA[

Digestion begins in the mouth…

The function of teeth is to physically break down food into smaller pieces. Rabbits have aradicular hypsodont teeth. Unlike human, dogs and cats, rabbits have teeth that continue to grow throughout their lifetime. They have an “open root,” so they do not have a defined root, which allows them to constantly replace the part of the tooth that gets worn down as they eat the rough fiber of their diet (i.e. hay.) Other animals with teeth in this category include guinea pigs and chinchillas.

X-ray of a rabbit skull highlighting the length of the teeth.
X-ray of a rabbit skull highlighting the length of the teeth.

When a rabbit chews hay, they chop it up with their sharp incisors (their front teeth) and then grind it down with their “cheek teeth,” a group of molars near the back of the mouth that grind down the plant material to be swallowed. Chewing food increases the surface area thereby increasing the rate of reaction with digestive enzymes. Salivary glands filled with saliva and enzymes to start breaking down starch to convert it into sugar. The saliva also provides lubrication for the food to go down the esophagus, the tube of muscle that connects the mouth to the stomach.

A bunny enjoying her dinner!

A lot can go wrong when your teeth can’t stop growing. These bunny rabbits need constantly eat hay to wear down their teeth, but what happens if they don’t have enough access to hay, or if their teeth are misaligned? We’ll learn more about this in chapter 3.       ]]>

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<![CDATA[

In this section you will…

  • Learn the behaviors and body language of a rabbit in pain.
  • Explain why a rabbit may hide their symptoms.
  • Understand the importance of taking immediate action when you notice a rabbit is in pain.

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What is Normal For a Bunny Belly!


Mon, 27 Nov 2023 15:52:52 +0000

What is Normal For a Bunny Belly!

<![CDATA[ In this section we will go over the proper diet of a rabbit at different stages of life, as well as what their poops should look like (it’s important, okay!)

A bunny sitting in their litter box, eating hay.
A bunny using her litter box and eating hay!

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Let’s Keep That Bunny Feeling Great!


Mon, 27 Nov 2023 16:23:30 +0000

Let’s Keep That Bunny Feeling Great!

<![CDATA[ In this section you will…

  • Learn what a proper rabbit habitat should look like.
  • Know how much exercise a rabbit needs each day.
  • Understand the importance of enrichment in a bunny’s life and how all of this circles back to maintaining a healthy bunny belly.

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License

Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

Lesson plans for GI physiology topics Copyright © 2023 by Erin Malone is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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